在PostgreSQL中使用ltree处理层次结构数据的方法

这篇文章主要介绍了在PostgreSQL中使用ltree处理层次结构数据,本文给大家介绍的非常详细，对大家的学习或工作具有一定的参考借鉴价值，需要的朋友可以参考下。
在本文中，我们将学习如何使用PostgreSQL的ltree模块，该模块允许以分层的树状结构存储数据。
什么是ltree？
Ltree是PostgreSQL模块。它实现了一种数据类型ltree，用于表示存储在分层树状结构中的数据的标签。提供了用于搜索标签树的广泛工具。
为什么选择ltree？
ltree实现了一个物化路径，对于INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE来说非常快，而对于SELECT操作则较快
通常，它比使用经常需要重新计算分支的递归CTE或递归函数要快
如内置的查询语法和专门用于查询和导航树的运算符
索引！！！
初始数据
首先，您应该在数据库中启用扩展。您可以通过以下命令执行此操作：
1CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
让我们创建表并向其中添加一些数据：
CREATE TABLE comments (user_id integer, description text, path ltree);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 1, md5(random()::text), ‘0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0001.0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0001.0001.0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 1, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0001.0001.0002’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 5, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0001.0001.0003’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0002’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0002.0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 8, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 11, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 5, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0003’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 7, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0001’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 20, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0002’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 31, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0003’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 22, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0004’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 34, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0005’);
INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 22, md5(random()::text), ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0006’);
另外，我们应该添加一些索引：
1
2CREATE INDEX path_gist_comments_idx ON comments USING GIST(path);CREATE INDEX path_comments_idx ON comments USING btree(path);
正如您看到的那样，我建立comments表时带有path字段，该字段包含该表的tree全部路径。如您所见，对于树分隔符，我使用4个数字和点。
让我们在commenets表中找到path以‘0001.0003’的记录：
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path <@ ‘0001.0003’;